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RBell01
Experienced Native EN (UK) Translator

United Kingdom
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Greek to English: Η ΑΡΧΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΞΑΙΡΕΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΘΛΗΤΙΣΜΟΥ
General field: Law/Patents
Detailed field: Law (general)
Source text - Greek
Ι. Η ΑΡΧΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΞΑΙΡΕΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΘΛΗΤΙΣΜΟΥ

1. Η Πορεία προς τη Θέσπιση της Αρχής της Εξαίρεσης του Αθλητισμού.

Η απόφαση του Δικαστηρίου των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων (ΔΕΚ) στην υπόθεση Bosman, όσο κι αν για το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του αθλητικού κόσμου αποτέλεσε "κεραυνό εν αιθρία", στην πραγματικότητα κάθε άλλο παρά κάτι τέτοιο θα έπρεπε να αποτελεί. H Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση μέσω των οργάνων της είχε δείξει την πρόθεσή της πολύ πιο νωρίς. Για την ακρίβεια είχε δείξει ότι ο αθλητισμός δεν θα παρέμενε στο απυρόβλητο. Όλο το αθλητικό οικοδόμημα με τους αθλητικής προέλευσης κανόνες του, θα έπρεπε να εξετασθεί κατά πόσο συμβαδίζει με τους κανόνες της Εσωτερικής Αγοράς αλλά και τους κανόνες Ανταγωνισμού του ευρωπαϊκού δικαίου. Οι αποφάσεις του ΔΕΚ που αφορούν στον αθλητισμό, άλλοτε αναφέρονται σε παραβάσεις κανόνων Εσωτερικής Αγοράς και άλλοτε σε παραβάσεις κανόνων του Ανταγωνισμού. Εξετάζονται όμως στο παρόν βιβλίο σαν να επρόκειτο για το ίδιο θέμα μια και είναι προφανής η τάση του ΔΕΚ να θεσπίσει και για τις δύο περιπτώσεις έναν κοινό κανόνα με κοινές εξαιρέσεις.

Φυσικά το καθοριστικό πλήγμα των οργάνων της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης στο αθλητικό κατεστημένο, ήταν το γεγονός ότι αποφάσισε να εξομοιώσει τους αθλητικούς φορείς (ομοσπονδίες, ομάδες) με τις κοινές επιχειρήσεις και ενώσεις επιχειρήσεων, γεγονός, το οποίο είχε αρχίσει να διαφαίνεται είκοσι χρόνια νωρίτερα από την απόφαση Bosman. Πάντως μετά την έκδοση της απόφασης Bosman θα έπρεπε να ήταν αναμενόμενα και τα "δεινά" που αντιμετώπισαν οι αθλητικοί φορείς, τα οποία όμως συνέβαλλαν στον εκσυγχρονισμό του αθλητισμού.

Πολλές φορές λησμονείται από μη νομικούς, ότι πριν την περίφημη απόφαση Bosman το Δ.Ε.Κ. είχε εκδώσει κι άλλες δύο αποφάσεις, που αφορούσαν στον αθλητισμό, το 1974 και το 1976, που προμήνυαν, ότι τα όργανα της Ε.Ε. σκόπευαν να ασχοληθούν εκτενέστερα στο μέλλον με το πρόβλημα της συμμόρφωσης των αθλητικών φορέων στις επιταγές της Ενωμένης Ευρώπης. Τις αποφάσεις αυτές ακολούθησαν ενέργειες του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής με τον ίδιο στόχο.

Η πρώτη απόφαση του Δ.Ε.Κ. (Walrave - Koch v. Union Cycliste Internationale) αφορούσε στο κατά πόσον είναι νόμιμη η διάταξη του καταστατικού της Union Cycliste Internationale, η οποία ορίζει, ότι στην ποδηλασία o pacer, δηλαδή αυτός που καθοδηγεί και δίνει το ρυθμό (συνήθως με μοτοσυκλέτα) στον ποδηλάτη πρέπει να είναι της ίδιας εθνικότητας με τον ποδηλάτη. Εκρινε δηλαδή, ότι ο ποδηλάτης και ο pacer αποτελούν μέλη μιας ομάδας και κατά τον τρόπο αυτό τα μέλη της ομάδας έπρεπε να είναι της ίδιας εθνικότητας. Το Δ.Ε.Κ. έκρινε μεν, ότι όσον αφορά στις εθνικές ομάδες οι περιορισμοί αυτοί δεν βλάπτουν, από την άλλη όμως σε ένα σημείο η απόφαση περιείχε σκεπτικό παρεμφερές με αυτό, που περιλαμβάνει δεκαεννέα χρόνια αργότερα η απόφαση Bosman. Επιβεβαίωνε δηλαδή, ότι οι ρυθμίσεις του Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαίου σχετικά με την ελευθερία αναζήτησης εργασίας και παροχής υπηρεσιών στον Ευρωπαϊκό χώρο, καλύπτουν και το χώρο του αθλητισμού.

Όταν εκδόθηκε και η δεύτερη απόφαση (δεκαεπτά χρόνια πρίν από την απόφαση Bosman), που αφορούσε στο χώρο του αθλητισμού (Dona v. Mantero) έκρινε τη νομιμότητα της διάταξης, που απαγόρευε τη χρησιμοποίηση αλλοδαπών ποδοσφαιριστών στην Ιταλία, ποιος μπορεί να αρνηθεί σήμερα, πως αποτέλεσε ένα προμήνυμα του τι θα ακολουθούσε.

Η πρώτη επίσημη τουλάχιστον αντίδραση του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου αποτυπώνεται στο ψήφισμά του υπ΄ αρ. 120/33 της 1.4.1989, που αφορούσε στην ελεύθερη κυκλοφορία των επαγγελματιών ποδοσφαιριστών στην Κοινότητα. Στο ψήφισμα αυτό "καταγγέλλεται" συνολικά η επιβίωση διατάξεων στον αθλητισμό που αφορούν στα λεγόμενα μεταγραφικά συστήματα (βάσει των οποίων για να τελεσθεί μια μεταγραφή ενός παίκτη, πρέπει η ομάδα, που δέχεται τον παίκτη, να καταβάλει ένα ποσό στην ομάδα, από την οποία αποχωρεί ο παίκτης) καθώς και στους περιορισμούς της Ποδοσφαιρικής Ομοσπονδίας προς τις ομάδες σχετικά με τη χρησιμοποίηση αλλοδαπών ποδοσφαιριστών.
Translation - English
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SPORTING EXEMPTION

1. The course leading to the principle of the sporting exemption

The European Court of Justice’s decision (ECJ) in the case of Bosman, which hit the large part of the sports world like a bolt of lightning, was actually intended to be anything but. The EU had, through its Institutions, shown its intentions much earlier. In fact, it had shown its intention that sport would no longer remain fireproofed. The whole athletic establishment and its rules would have been examined to assess how much they were keeping pace with the rules of the Internal Market and also those of European Competition Law. The decisions of the ECJ with regard to sport, initially referring to infringements of the laws of the Internal Market have more recently come under those relating to Competition Law. They are examined however in this paper as if they were the same subject since it appears that the ECJ tends to establish a common rule for both cases, with common exceptions.

Naturally the decisive damage inflicted by the Institutions of the European Union on the sporting establishment, was due to the fact that it decided to assimilate the athletic institutions (federations, teams etc.) together with common businesses and their unions. This however had come into being twenty years prior to the Bosman case. In any case, after the issuing of the Bosman decision, the inconvenience of the sports entities should have been expected – this situation did however contribute to the modernisation of sport.

It is often forgotten by those not practicing the legal profession, that before the eminent Bosman decision, the EU had published two decisions relating to the field of sport in 1974 and 1976, that showed that the EU intended to deal more extensively with the issue of conformity of sporting institutions under the dictats of a United Europe. These decisions followed steps made by the European Parliament and the European Commission, leading to the same goal.

The ECJ’s first decision (Walrave-Koch v. Union Cycliste Internationale) was on the question of the legality of the provision of statutes of Union Cycliste International (UCI), which stated that the ‘pacemaker’, that is, the one who sets the pace (usually using a motorcycle), must be of the same nationality as the cyclist. It was stated by UCI that the pacemaker and the cyclist constitute members of one team and in this sense, the members of a team should be of the same nationality. The ECJ ruled that, with regard to national teams, this restriction caused no harm. On the other hand however, to a certain degree, the decision adopted legal views which, 19 years later, were contained also in the Bosman Case. It was confirmed then, that the regulations of European Law with regard to the freedom to seek employment and the provision of services in the European Space were also to be applied to sport .

With the publication of the second decision relating to sport (17 years prior to the Bosman case) - Dona v. Mantero, which concerned the legality of the scheme which forbade the utilisation of foreign footballers in Italy, it is beyond debate today, that this was a foreboding of what was to follow.

The first official reaction of the European Parliament is contained in Resolution No. 120/33 dated 1/4/89 and relates to the free circulation of professional footballers in the Community. In the resolution, the sporting authorities are ‘accused’ of allowing the sports provisions to preserve firstly, the so called transfer systems (on the basis of which, for a transfer to take place, the team which accepts a player must pay a deposit to the team from which the player is transferring) and secondly, the restrictions imposed by the football federation on the teams regarding the utilisation of foreign players.
Swedish to English: Hur ska jag hantera relationen till min kyliga mor?
General field: Other
Detailed field: Psychology
Source text - Swedish
Hur ska jag hantera relationen till min kyliga mor?

Fråga: Jag är en 33-årig man som lider av min dåliga relation till min mamma som ensam uppfostrat mig från att jag var fyra år. Jag har dessutom en halvsyster som kom till världen när jag var åtta år. Hennes far försvann strax före födseln. Min pappa och jag har en artig relation som jag har accepterat som den är. Relationen med min mamma är desto mer komplex.

Problemet är det känslomässiga bagage som ger sig till känna vid kontakt med min mamma. Hon har enligt mig varit, och är fortfarande, väldigt dålig på att ”tona in” mina känslomässiga behov, inte minst vid alla de separationer som jag upplevde när jag var 4-8 år. Detta gjorde mig till ett väldigt otryggt barn, men också till otrygg vuxen. Jag har gått i terapi både som barn och som vuxen på eget initiativ, då jag har haft problem med att knyta an till flickvänner.

Jag har äntligen fått tillräckligt många verktyg för att hantera min nya kärleksrelation, men ambivalensen till min mamma är fortfarande stark. Hon är väldigt egoistisk (förmodligen ett resultat av alla år som ensamstående). Till exempel de få gånger jag hälsar på henne brukar det ofta vara något teveprogram som hon måste se och vill då inte ens prata med mig. Hon frågar sällan hur det går för mig, om mina intressen och vilka mina framtidsdrömmar är. Hon är på intet sätt elak men hennes kyla triggar något i mig, det är som om jag omedvetet känner igen kylan från min barndom och jag reagerar oftast med stor sorg och frustration. Jag har tagit upp detta flera gånger med henne, i hopp om en reaktion, men kylan består. Jag får ofta något förnuftigt till svar men sällan någon känslomässig reaktion. Ibland känns hon liksom avstängd och känslokall, men jag respekterar och älskar henne ändå som den hon är.

Jag har i mina relationer ett starkt behov av känslomässig bekräftelse och när inte ens min mor kan tillgodose detta gör det så ont att jag inte vet vart jag ska ta vägen. Det känns som om jag i varje samtal med henne återupplever de separationer och den kyla jag upplevde som barn. Jag har starka tankar på att bryta med mamma för att skydda mig själv, då kontakten med henne får mig att tvivla på mig själv och min framtid. Samtidigt älskar jag min mamma och vill inte ge upp vår relation. Jag har dock ingen lösning, då hennes avståndstagande hindrar all känslomässig kommunikation.

Hur ska jag hantera relationen till min kyliga mor?



Svar: Hej. Det råd jag ger dig är att du inte över huvud taget ska ägna dig åt det du kallar för känslomässig kommunikation med din mor. Det enda du då åstadkommer är just ett återupplevande av de separationer och den kyla som var och, i vissa situationer, fortfarande är så smärtsam för dig. Givetvis är det sorgligt att du som barn inte fick det du hade behövt av din mor, men man kan nu konstatera att skadan redan är skedd, att det är för sent för dig att få det av henne som du skulle behövt få som liten kille. Jag tror kort sagt att du till en del kommer få leva med den ambivalens du känner inför henne. Med det inte sagt att du inte kan fylla på med goda erfarenheter från annat håll; och då främst från din kärlekspartner och från vänskapsrelationer samt från goda relationer över lag.

Din utmaning nu består i att reagera på ett nytt sätt på den kyla du så väl känner igen från din barndom som väcker så mycket sorg och frustration hos dig. Du vet vid det här laget att det inte lönar sig att ta upp en diskussion om detta med henne; allt du får till svar är något förnuftigt, och inte den känslomässiga reaktion du skulle önska.

Då du inte vill bryta med henne för att undkomma detta lidande – vilket är en helt rimlig inställning – behöver du träna dig på att umgås med henne utan att hela tiden dra fram dina smärtpunkter. Så fort du märker åt vilket håll det barkar får du helt enkelt leda samtalet i en annan riktning. Det konstiga i dylika situationer är att det kan vara som att man dras till det plågsamma, och att det, åtminstone till en början, krävs en kraftansträngning för att inte fastna i samma gamla hjulspår gång på gång.

Så småningom kommer du dock att märka att det går allt lättare. Det kanske låter ytligt att rekommendera att ni håller er samvaro på småpratsnivå, men om alternativet är ett destruktivt ältande där du låser fast dig själv mellan ditt barnbehov av en mor som fungerar på ett annat sätt än den mor du har, och hennes oförmåga att möta dessa behov, tror jag ändå att småprat är att föredra.


Anders Eklund Rimsten, familjerådgivare

(dn.se - Dagens Nyheter, 4 Nov 09)
Translation - English
How can I handle my relationship with my cold mother?

QUESTION: I am a 33-year-old man, suffering due to my poor relationship with my mum who brought me up alone from age four. I also have a half-sister who came into the world when I was eight. Her father disappeared just before the birth. My dad and I have a polite relationship that, I have accepted, is what it is. The relationship with my mum is far more complex.

The problem is the emotional baggage that manifests itself when I have contact with my mum. She has, I feel, been, and still is, bad at 'tuning in' to my emotional needs, not least with all the separations I experienced between the ages of 4 and 8. This made me quite an insecure child, but also an insecure adult. I have been in therapy, both as a child and as an adult by choice, since I have had problems connecting with girlfriends.

I have actually used a number of tools in order to manage my new romantic relationship, but the ambivalence to my mum is still strong. She is quite egotistical (possibly due to all the years being alone). For example, the few times I go and see her, there's often some TV programme on that she must see and she just does not want to talk to me. She rarely asks how things are going for me, about my interests and what my dreams for the future are. She is in no way malevolent but her coldness triggers something in me, it is like I unconsciously recognise this coldness from my childhood and I usually react with great distress and frustration. I have taken this up with her on a number of occasions in the hope of a reaction, but the coldness remains. I often get a reasonable answer but seldom any emotional reaction. Sometimes she feels somewhat cut off and frigid, but I respect and love her anyway for who she is.

In my relationships I have a strong need for emotional acknowledgement and when not even my mother can provide this, it hurts so much that I just don't know where to run to. It feels like in every conversation with her I re-live the separations and the coldness that I experienced as a child. I have strong thoughts of breaking contact with mum to protect myself, since contact with her makes me doubt myself and my future. At the same time, I do love my mum and do not want to give up our relationship. I have however no solution, since her distanced position hinders all emotional communication.


How should I handle the relationship with my cold mother?


ANSWER: Hello. The advice I'll give you is that you should not generally devote yourself towards that which you call 'emotional communication' with your mother. The only think you'll bring about is exactly re-living those separations and the coldness that was and, in some situations, is still painful for you. Naturally, it is sad that you as a child did not get that which you needed from your mother, but what is true is that the damage is done, and that it is too late for you to get from her that which you should have received as a young boy. In short, I believe that you are going to have to live with the ambivalence that you feel in her presence. This does not mean however, that you cannot enjoy good experiences from other sources; and this means primarily from your romantic partner and from friends, as well as from good relationships in general.

The challenge facing you now is to start to react in a different manner to the coldness that you so well recognise from your childhood that awakens so much distress and frustration within you. You know that with this situation, it is not worth starting a conversation with her about this; all you get as an answer is something reasonable, and not the emotional reaction that you wish for.

Since you do not want to cut off ties with her to escape your suffering - which is a reasonable attitude - you need to train yourself to converse with her without constantly bringing up your focus on pain. As soon as you become aware of which direction it is coming from, you will be able to simply lead the conversation in another direction. The strange thing about such situations is that it can be as though one is drawn to the painful and this, at least to begin with, requires a real effort so as not to get caught up in the same old tracks again and again.

Soon however, you will realise that it is becoming easier. It may sound shallow to recommend that you stay in contact on a 'smalltalk' level, but if the alternative is a destructive cycle where you get stuck between your childhood needs for a mother that functions in a different way from the mother you have, and her inability to meet this need, I believe that smalltalk is preferable.

Translation education Other - UEA Norwich / King's College London
Experience Years of experience: 23. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2007.
ProZ.com Certified PRO certificate(s) N/A
Credentials French to English (University of East Anglia)
Greek to English (University of East Anglia)
Greek to English (King's College London (University of London))
French to English (King's College London (University of London))
German to English (University of East Anglia)


Memberships N/A
Software Adobe Acrobat, Aegisub, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Wordfast
CV/Resume CV available upon request
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Bio
Experienced translator working from French, German, Modern Greek, Spanish and Swedish into English.

Also a proofreader for English (UK/US)

VoiceOver experience mostly in English (UK)
Keywords: Tourism, Travel, Aviation, Education, Linguistics, Politics, Psychology


Profile last updated
Aug 6, 2022