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Radka Skvaridlova

Slovakia
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Native in: Slovak Native in Slovak
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English to Slovak: A Mirror To The World/Zrkadlo do sveta
General field: Medical
Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English
Empathy with others seems to be due to a type of brain cell called a mirror neuron

CHRISTIAN KEYSERS has a good way of making his point. He shows his audience a clip from a James Bond movie in which a large, hairy spider is climbing over our hero's naked body. He then asks the audience what they think the actor playing Bond is feeling.

It is impossible to tell, of course, whether Sean Connery was really revolted and fearful when the scene was being shot, or whether he was actually indifferent, but just acting well. The point is that the observer can feel—literally feel—Bond's fear. This ability not merely to know in an intellectual sense what someone else is feeling, but actually to feel it with them, is an important social attribute. Dramatists, novelists and psychologists have known about it for centuries, of course. And those who lack it, such as people who are autistic, are at a social disadvantage. But it is only in the past few years that its neurological basis has begun to be understood. It seems to rely on a type of nerve cell known as a mirror neuron. Dr Keysers, who works at the University of Groningen, in the Netherlands, is one of a band of neurologists that is studying them.

A mirror neuron is one that is active when the individual whose brain it is in is engaged in some action or experiencing some sensation or emotion, and also when that particular action, sensation or emotion is being observed in someone else. Action-sensitive mirror neurons were the first to be found, and they were discovered in rhesus monkeys, one of the mainstays of animal laboratory research.

When a monkey reaches out for something—a piece of food, for example—a particular group of nerve cells in its brain fires off lots of electrical signals. The activity of individual neurons within such a group of action-sensitive cells can be traced with electrodes that have tips so fine that they can be placed against a single cell. Most such cells fire only in response to the action. But about 20% of them also fire in exactly the same way if the monkey sees another monkey (or, indeed, a human) reaching out for food. This empathic firing “mirrors” the way the cells behave when they are involved in an action.

Sticking electrodes into human brains in this way is not on, of course. But modern brain-scanning techniques can be used to look for mirror activity in particular parts of the brain, even if they cannot pick out individual nerve cells. So Dr Keysers uses brain scanners to study the role of mirror neurons in human emotional and sensational empathy, such as the audience feels with Connery/Bond.
Translation - Slovak
Vďaka mozgovej bunke zvanej zrkadliaci neurón sa dokážeme vcítiť do pocitov druhých

CHRISTIAN KEYSERS to vie názorne vysvetliť. Pustí divákom ukážku z filmu o Jamesovi Bondovi, kde veľký, chlpatý pavúk lezie po hrdinovom nahom tele. Potom sa spýta divákov, čo podľa nich cíti herec, ktorý hrá Bonda.

Nie je možné presne povedať, či sa počas nakrúcania scény Sean Connery bál, alebo mu to neprekážalo a len to dobre zahral. Podstatné je, že divák doslova cíti Bondov strach. Schopnosť nielen rozumovo vnímať, čo niekto cíti, ale naozaj cítiť to isté, je dôležitým sociálnym znakom. Dramatici, spisovatelia a psychológovia vedia o tom už storočia. A ľudia, ktorí neoplývajú touto schopnosťou, ako napríklad autisti, sú v sociálnej nevýhode. Ale až pred pár rokmi sa prišlo na to, v čom spočíva neurologický základ. Závisí od nervovej bunky známej ako zrkadliaci neurón. Doktor Keysers z Univerzity v Groningene v Holandsku patrí ku skupine neurológov, ktorí ich skúmajú.

Zrkadliaci neurón sa aktivizuje, keď sa jedinec venuje nejakej činnosti alebo prežíva nejaké emócie a tiež keď pozoruje určitú činnosť alebo emóciu u niekoho iného. Ako prvé objavili zrkadliace neuróny, ktoré reagujú na činnosť. Na skúmanie im poslúžili makaky rhesus, bez ktorých by sa laboratórny výskum zvierat neobišiel.

Keď sa opica po niečo natiahne, napríklad po jedlo, určitá skupina nervových buniek v mozgu vyšle veľa elektrických signálov. Činnosť jednotlivých neurónov v rámci takejto skupiny buniek sa dá vystopovať pomocou elektród, ktoré majú také drobné hroty, že sa dajú priložiť k jedinej bunke. Väčšina takýchto buniek reaguje len na činnosť. Ale asi 20 % z nich reaguje úplne rovnako, keď opica zbadá inú opicu (prípadne človeka), ako sa naťahuje po jedlo. Táto reakcia odzrkadľuje spôsob, ako sa bunky správajú, keď sú zapojené do nejakej činnosti.

Pripevniť elektródy na ľudský mozog samozrejme nie je možné. Ale moderné techniky snímania mozgu umožňujú vystopovať zrkadliacu činnosť v určitých častiach mozgu, hoci nedokážu rozlíšiť jednotlivé nervové bunky. Doktor Keysers používa snímače mozgu, aby preskúmal, akú úlohu zohrávajú zrkadliace neuróny, keď sa človek vciťuje do pocitov druhých, ako v prípade Conneryho/Bonda.
Slovak to English: Gibraltárska „Skala“ ostáva Britom/The Rock of Gibraltar Remains British
Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Slovak
Gibraltárska „Skala“ ostáva Britom
Napriek prehlbujúcej sa integrácii majú krajiny Európskej únie aj na začiatku 21. storočia medzi sebou územné spory. Jedným z najznámejších je ten o 10 štvorcových kilometrov skaly na pobreží, kde sa európska pevnina takmer dotýka Afriky. Obyvatelia Gibraltáru odmietli 10. septembra 1967, pred 40 rokmi, po prvýkrát v referende pripojenie k Španielsku a dodnes ostávajú verní Británii.
S plánmi na získanie námornej základne v Stredozemnom mori prišiel v Anglicku už v polovici 17. storočia Oliver Crom¬well. Budúca veľmoc si bola vedomá, že na získanie prevahy na moriach potrebuje prístav, v ktorom by jej lode dopĺňali zásoby bez toho, aby sa vracali k anglickým brehom.
Strategická „Skala“
Príležitosť sa naskytla počas vojny o španielske dedičstvo, v ktorej Angličania bojovali na začiatku 18. storočia spoločne s Nizozemskom a Habsburskou ríšou proti hrozbe spojenia francúzskej a španielskej koruny. Britsko-nizozemská flotila pod velením Georgea Rooka v auguste 1704 nakoniec obsadila strategickú pevnosť na križovatke Atlantiku a Stredozemného mora. Pokusy Španielov o jej znovuzískanie stroskotali a Utrechtskou zmluvou z roku 1713 odstúpili Gibraltár Británii.
„Skala“, ako Briti prístav s obľubou nazývajú, sa stala okamžite významnou námornou základňou. Španieli sa však s ich prítomnosťou na „svojom“ teritóriu nezmierili. Oslabenie britskej pozície počas vojny amerických osád za nezávislosť sa pokúsili využiť na jeho dobytie naspäť. Štvorročné obliehanie Gibraltáru v rokoch 1779 až 1783 sa však skončilo neúspechom.
V nasledujúcom storočí sa Británia stala svetovou veľmocou číslo jeden, takže na dobytie pevnosti nemohli Španieli ani pomyslieť. Gibraltár získal v roku 1830 status britskej kolónie.
Pomocou referenda aj na pôde OSN
Po nástupe diktátora Francisca Franca k moci začali Španieli opätovne uplatňovať svoje nároky. Počas 2. svetovej vojny sa síce obe krajiny ocitli v zne¬priatelených táboroch, Španielsko sa však do konfliktu nezapojilo. Obyvateľov Gibraltáru pre istotu aj tak evakuovali a prístav plnil do bodky úlohu námornej a leteckej základne.
Po vojne požadoval Franco vrátenie „Skaly“ Španielsku. Vy¬provokovali ho zrejme pom¬pézne oslavy 250. výročia získania Gibraltáru, ktoré sa konali v roku 1954. Opieral sa pritom o údajnú tajnú dohodu, podľa ktorej mu mali Briti pevnosť vrátiť ako odmenu za to, že ju počas vojny nenapadol. Britská strana jej existenciu poprela.
Španieli sa snažili Gibraltár získať aj na pôde OSN. Argumentovali zásadou teritoriálnej integrity, na čo Briti odpovedali prednosťou práva na sebaurčenie. Preto v roku 1967 zorganizovali referendum, v ktorom sa viac ako 99 percent gibraltárskych voličov vyslovilo za zotrvanie pod britskou správou.
Franco o dva roky neskôr odpovedal uzavretím hraníc a prerušením všetkých spojení medzi prístavom a španielskou pevninou. Situácia sa dlho nemenila ani po jeho smrti. V roku 1981 sa dokonca odmietol španielsky kráľ Juan Carlos s manželkou zúčastniť na svadbe princa Charlesa s Dianou. Dôvodom bolo to, že mladomanželia plánovali začať svoju svadobnú cestu práve v Gibraltári.
Verní Britom
Prelom priniesol až vstup Španielska do EÚ v roku 1986. Španieli obnovili spojenie s Gibraltárom a začali sa rokovania o riešení sporu. Na jar 2002 oznámil britský minister zahraničia Jack Straw, že sa obe strany dohodli na spoločnej správe prístavu.
Politici však narazili na odpor obyvateľov Gibraltáru. Tamojšia samospráva zorganizovala v novembri 2002 vlastné referendum, v ktorom vyjadrilo takmer 18-tisíc hlasujúcich s riešením nesúhlas. Plán podporilo len 187 Gibraltárčanov. V nasledujúcom roku ich premiér Tony Blair uistil, že vláda neprijme nijaké rozhodnutie proti ich vôli. Nemali tak nasledovať osud Hongkongu, ktorý prešiel v roku 1997 pod čínsku správu.
V roku 2004 vyhrala voľby v Španielsku ľavica pod vedením Josého Zapatera. Jeho vláda pochopila, že bez súhlasu obyvateľov Gibraltáru prístav nezíska. Zmenila preto prístup a snaží sa robiť kroky, ktorými by si ich naklonila na svoju stranu. Dvojstranné rokovania s Britániou sa zmenili na trojstranné s účasťou zástupcov Gibraltáru.
Dobrým príkladom je aj zavedenie pravidelného leteckého spojenia s Madridom či zjednodušenie kontrol na hranici. Podľa analytikov si však zmena postoja Gibraltárčanov vyžiada ešte dlhý čas.

Translation - English
The Rock of Gibraltar Remains British
In spite of the deepening integration, even at the beginning of the 21st century, the countries of the European Union have territorial disputes. One of the most famous is the one over ten square kilometres of the rock on the coast, where the European land nearly touches Africa. Forty years ago, on September 10th 1967, residents of Gibraltar rejected Spanish sovereignty for the first time and until now they are still loyal to Britain.
As early as in the middle of the 17th century, Oliver Cromwell planned to capture the naval base in the Mediterranean Sea. The future great power was aware that to gain sea superiority they need the port, where their ships would replenish stock without coming back to the English shores.
Strategic Rock
The opportunity came their way during the War of the Spanish Succession at the beginning of the 18th century, where English fought together with Dutch Republic and Habsburg Empire against the threat of the union of French and Spanish crown. British and Dutch fleet under the command of George Rook finally captured the strategic fortress at the crossroad of Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea in August 1704. Spanish attempts to retake it failed and by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 they ceded Gibraltar to Great Britain.
“The Rock”, as Brits like to call the port, became immediately the important naval base. But Spanish did not accept their presence on “their” territory. They tried to take advantage of the weakening of the British position during the American War of Independence to conquer it back. But four-year siege of Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783 ended in failure.
In the following century, Britain became the world power number one, so Spanish could not even think of the conquering of the fortress. In 1830, Gibraltar gained the status of the British colony.
With Help of Referendum Also on the Ground of OSN
After the accession of dictator Francisco Franco, Spanish began to exercise their claims again. Though during the Second World War both countries found themselves in enemy camps, Spain stayed out of the conflict. As a precaution, they evacuated the residents of Gibraltar and the port carried out the role of naval and air base down to the last detail.
After war, Franco demanded the reversion of the Rock to Spain. He was probably provoked by the pompous celebrations of 250th anniversary of capturing Gibraltar, which were held in 1954. He based that on alleged secret agreement, according to which Brits were supposed to give the fortress back to him as a reward for not attacking it during the war. British party denied the existence of agreement.
Spanish tried to retake Gibraltar on the ground of OSN, too. They argued by the principle of territorial integrity, to which Brits responded with the preference of the right to self-determination. Therefore in 1967, they organised referendum, where more than 99 percent of Gibraltarian voters voted to remain under British sovereignty.
Two years later, Franco responded with closing the frontiers and all the means of communication between the port and Spanish mainland. Situation remained the same also after his death. In 1981, Spanish king Juan Carlos with his wife even refused to attend the wedding of Prince Charles and Diana. The reason was that newlyweds planned to begin their honeymoon in Gibraltar.
Loyal to Brits
The entrance of Spain into EU in 1986 meant big turning point. Spanish renewed the communication with Gibraltar and started to negotiate about solution to the dispute. In spring 2002, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw announced that both sides agreed to share sovereignty over the port.
But politicians met with opposition of Gibraltar’s residents. Local self-government organised their own referendum in November 2002, where almost 18.000 voters voted against this solution. Only 187 Gibraltarians supported the plan. In the following year, British Prime Minister Tony Blair assured them that government will not make any decision without their consent. They were not supposed to follow the fate of Hong Kong, whose sovereignty was transferred to China in 1997.
In 2004, Spanish Left with the leader José Zapatera won the elections. His government realised that without the consent of residents of Gibraltar they will not gain the port. Therefore they changed their attitude and they try to take the steps by which they would win their favour. Bilateral negotiations with Britain have changed to trilateral with the participation of Gibraltar’s representatives.
Another good example is introducing of regular air communication with Madrid or simplifying of the customs control. But according to analytics, the change of Gibraltarian’s attitude will take more time.



Experience Years of experience: 18. Registered at ProZ.com: Oct 2008.
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