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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to French: agriculture research General field: Science Detailed field: Agriculture
Source text - English AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN INDIA: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
ABSTRACT
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy which plays the most decisive role in the
socioeconomic development of the country. Indian agriculture is a miscellaneous and extensive
sector involving a large number of actors. India has one of the largest and institutionally most
complex agricultural research systems in the world. The agricultural research system in India
includes some 27,500 scientists and more than one lakh supporting staff actively engaged in
agricultural research, which makes it probably the largest research system in the world.
Historically, the Indian agricultural research system is the zenith of a process which started in the
19th century and which resulted in the establishment of the Imperial (now Indian) Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) on the recommendation of a Royal Commission on Agriculture in
1929. In the present research system, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the
National level mainly aids, promotes and coordinates research and education activities in the
country. The development of agricultural research system in India, ever since the colonial era till
today, is being tried to trace in the paper. An attempt has been made to portray the role of Five
Year Plans regarding investment, technology transfer and other aspects related to agricultural
development in India. Although agriculture has been playing the most vital role in Indian
economy, during the course of the study, it has been observed that not much emphasis has been
given to the history of evolution of agricultural research in India.
KEYWORDS: ICAR, Indian Agriculture, Colonial, Post colonial.
__________________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture, as the backbone of Indian economy, plays the most crucial role in the
socioeconomic sphere of the country. Indian agriculture is a diverse and extensive sector
involving a large number of actors. It has been one of the remarkable success stories of the postindependence era through the association of Green Revolution technologies. The Green
Revolution contributed to the Indian economy by providing food self-sufficiency and improved
rural welfare. The role of national agricultural research system (the NARS) was imperative in the
context of Green Revolution.
India has one of the largest and institutionally most complex agricultural research systems in the
world. Historically, the Indian agricultural research system is the zenith of a process which
started in the 19th century and which resulted in the establishment of the Imperial (now Indian)
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) on the recommendation of a Royal Commission on
Agriculture in 1929. Since then there was a stupendous evolution of agricultural research in
India.
The main events in the history of agricultural research in India can be grouped into the following
seven categories (Singh, 2001):
1. Establishment of agriculture departments and agriculture colleges,
2. Establishment of the imperial council of agricultural research,
3. Initiation of commodity committees,
4. Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds and millets,
5. Initiation of all India coordinated crop improvement projects,
6. Reorganization of ICAR, and
7. The development of agricultural universities.
Among these, first three could be listed under the development of agriculture in the colonial era,
whereas the next four were prominent in the post-colonial era.
2. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN COLONIAL INDIA
The early development of agricultural research in India was associated with the reappearance of
famines. This acted as a nasty reminder of the little precedence accorded to agricultural research
and development in colonial India.
2.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENTS AND
AGRICULTURE COLLEGES
An elemental department of agriculture in India was started in the year 1871 in the form of
Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce. Although the chief function of the
department remained revenue and there was no work on agricultural development, this did mark
a commencement and appreciation of the agriculture sector by the colonial government.
However, this initiative was not very significant. The accolade for this modest foundation goes to
Lord Mayo who was the fourth Viceroy of India, and to A.O. Hume who was a civilian of the
Bengal Civil Service and one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. Paradoxically, the
department was established by the Government with a view to supply cotton to the hungry textile
industries of Manchester, and not to feed the famine ravished India of 1877-78. Based on the
report of the Famine Commission, the government of India was determined to set up a central
Department of Agriculture controlled by the Imperial Secretariat and agriculture departmentswere to be set up in the provinces to primarily look after agricultural enquiry.
Translation - French LA RECHERCHE AGRICOLE EN INDE: UNE ÉTUDE EXPLORATOIRE
ABSTRAIT
L'agriculture est l'épine dorsale de l'économie indienne qui joue le rôle le plus décisif dans la
développement socio-économique du pays. L'agriculture indienne est un vaste et divers
secteur impliquant un grand nombre d’acteurs. L'Inde possède l'une des plus grandes et institutionnelles
systèmes complexes de recherche agricole dans le monde. Le système de recherche agricole en Inde
comprend quelque 27 500 scientifiques et plus d'un personnel de soutien lakh activement engagé dans
la recherche agricole, ce qui en fait probablement le plus grand système de recherche au monde.
Historiquement, le système indien de recherche agronomique est l'apogée d'un processus qui a débuté
XIXe siècle et qui a abouti à la création du Conseil impérial (maintenant indien) de
Recherche agricole (ICAR) sur recommandation d'une commission royale d'enquête
1929. Dans le système de recherche actuel, le Conseil indien de la recherche agricole (ICAR)
Le niveau national aide, promeut et coordonne principalement les activités de recherche et d'éducation dans le
pays. Le développement du système de recherche agricole en Inde, depuis l'ère coloniale jusqu'à
aujourd'hui, on essaie de tracer dans le papier. Une tentative a été faite pour décrire le rôle de Five
Plans annuels concernant l'investissement, le transfert de technologie et d'autres aspects liés à l'agriculture
développement en Inde. Bien que l'agriculture ait joué le rôle le plus vital en Inde
économie, au cours de l'étude, il a été observé que peu d'importance a été
donné à l'histoire de l'évolution de la recherche agricole en Inde.
MOTS CLÉS: ICAR, agriculture indienne, coloniale, post coloniale.
__________________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
L'agriculture, en tant que colonne vertébrale de l'économie indienne, joue le rôle le plus crucial
sphère socio-économique du pays. L'agriculture indienne est un secteur diversifié et étendu
impliquant un grand nombre d'acteurs. Cela a été l'une des réussites remarquables de l'ère postindépendance grâce à l'association des technologies de la révolution verte. Le vert
La révolution a contribué à l'économie indienne en assurant l'autosuffisance alimentaire et en améliorant
bien-être rural. Le rôle du système national de recherche agricole (NARS) était impératif
contexte de la révolution verte.
L'Inde possède l'un des systèmes de recherche agricole les plus vastes et les plus complexes du
monde. Historiquement, le système indien de recherche agronomique est l'apogée d'un processus qui
a commencé au 19ème siècle et qui a abouti à la création de l'Impériale (maintenant indienne)
Conseil de la recherche agricole (ICAR) sur recommandation d'une commission royale
L'agriculture en 1929. Depuis lors, la recherche agronomique a connu une formidable évolution
Inde.
Les principaux événements de l'histoire de la recherche agricole en Inde peuvent être regroupés comme suit
sept catégories (Singh, 2001):
1. Création de départements d'agriculture et d'écoles d'agriculture,
2. Création du conseil impérial de la recherche agricole,
3. Création de comités de produits,
4. Projet d’intensification de la recherche régionale sur le coton, les oléagineux et les mil,
5. Lancement de tous les projets d'amélioration des cultures coordonnés par l'Inde,
6. Réorganisation de l'ICAR, et
7. Le développement des universités agricoles.
Parmi ceux-ci, les trois premiers pourraient être répertoriés sous le développement de l'agriculture à l'époque coloniale,
tandis que les quatre suivants étaient importants à l'époque postcoloniale.
2. RECHERCHE AGRICOLE EN INDE COLONIALE
Le développement précoce de la recherche agricole en Inde a été associé à la réapparition de
famines. Cela a agi comme un méchant rappel du peu de préséance accordé à la recherche agricole
et le développement dans l'Inde coloniale.
2.1 CRÉATION DE DÉPARTEMENTS D'AGRICULTURE ET
COLLÈGES D'AGRICULTURE
Un département élémentaire de l'agriculture en Inde a été créé en 1871 sous la forme de
Département du Revenu, de l'Agriculture et du Commerce. Bien que la fonction principale du
département est resté revenu et il n'y avait pas de travail sur le développement agricole, cela a marqué
un début et une appréciation du secteur agricole par le gouvernement colonial.
Cependant, cette initiative n'était pas très significative. La récompense pour cette modeste fondation va à
Lord Mayo qui était le quatrième vice-roi de l'Inde, et à A.O. Hume qui était un civil de la
Fonction publique du Bengale et l'un des fondateurs du Congrès national indien. Paradoxalement, le
a été créé par le gouvernement pour fournir du coton aux textiles affamés
industries de Manchester, et ne pas nourrir la famine ravit l'Inde de 1877-78. Basé sur
rapport de la Commission de la famine, le gouvernement indien était déterminé à mettre en place un
Un département de l'Agriculture contrôlé par le Secrétariat impérial et des départements d'agriculture devaient être créés dans les provinces pour s'occuper principalement des enquêtes agricoles.
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Bio
Hello,
I am Anil from India.Dedicated translator with years of experience working in
professional and scientific communities. Exceptionally accurate translation
skills, including simultaneous translation between all parties during
teleconferences and in-person meetings. Diverse translation work including
proprietary scientific materials and large-scale executive organization
documents. Consistently relied upon for verification and correction of
translated materials. Experience teaching other translators through one-on-one
mentoring and professional development courses. I am passionate about
facilitating productive cross-cultural relationships and have created extensive
informational material and coursework to help colleagues understand and develop
cultural sensitivity.
KEY QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITES
- Performed various translation and interpretation duties
from English many such Languages, including written texts, localization,
internationalization, audio files, and live speaking presentations.
- Arranged concurrent translation during corporate
meetings to allow English audience members to take part in
Spanish-language events.
-Translated text projects, including legal documents, website
content, news articles, and corporate reports.
- Upheld strict confidentiality policy when translating
personal and diplomatic materials.
- Provided interpretation and
transcription services as needed by corporate clients. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS
Successfully translated over 300 complete projects,
ranging from documents to entire websites, from Spanish to English
